Seepage reduction in earth canals is a practical way for maintaining available water resources. The use of proper and inexpensive materials is a practical way for decreasing seepage losses in canals. Experiments showed that seepage in small channels and field canals is usually more than conveyance canals. One of the most important factors for determining seepage rate is permeability of constituent materials of bed and sidewall of canal, which depends on porosity size. Smaller porosity size results in less permeability, which is proportion to squared diameter of the porosity USBR (1963). Garg and Chawla (1970) showed the seepage rate is high in unlined canals. Aylward and Newton (2006) determined water losses rate to be 25% in an earth canal with 82 km length and found water losses volume to be 11. 9 million cubic meter along a period of 210 days of irrigation season. The results showed that water losses decreased by 30% through 45% by controlling seepage and also water losses in the canal are directly proportional to permeability. The purpose of this research is to introduce an economic lining in order to reduce seepage losses of four-degree irrigation canals and increase their water conveyance efficiency. Hence, it is recommended to use sodium carbonate and sugarcane and sugar beet factory waste instead of use of heavy machinery for compacting of soil...

Background and Objective: Biological soil crusts are a collection of lichens, mosses, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc. that are part of the soil ecosystem. Estimation of density and distribution of biological soil crusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which is the subject of soil erosion and wastage is very important. Methods based on remote sensing techniques are important in terms of cost and time less efficient methods to achieve this goal. Segzi plain is one of the critical points of wind erosion in Iran and identifying and determining the distribution of biological soil crusts as a soil modifier is an effective step in reducing wind erosion in the region. In this research, BSCI (Biological Soil Crust) index has been used to prepare the distribution map of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts. Materials and Methods: The study area is part of the Sajzi Desert (Central Deserts of Iran) which is located in Isfahan province of Iran. The study area with an area of 199. 5 hectares is spread between the eastern lengths of 51o52'32" to 52o27'41" and the northern widths of 32o33'31" to 32o55'01". The average slope of Segzi plain is 1. 08 percent and its average height is 1680 meters. According to the statistics of East Isfahan Meteorological Station (Shahid Beheshti Station), the average annual rainfall in the region is 106 mm. According to the Dumarten climatic classification, the climate of the region is dry and according to the Amberge classification it is cold. The BSCI index is a combination of the relationships used to estimate vegetation and bare soil surface, and its mathematical relationship is the slope of the soil line. To calculate the soil line in an area, one must first separate the pixels that have bare soil and no vegetation. In order to calculate the soil line equation, in four seasons of a year, images of Landsat OLI 8 satellite related to 2018 were downloaded from the site of the US Geological Survey and 20 to 30 pixels of pure bare soil were extracted by drawing the reflection values of these pixels in the red and infrared band. Red near soil line coefficients were calculated for each season in the Segzi Plain. Based on BSCI index, lichen-dominated biological soil crust are identified using at least VIS-NIR spectral reflection and the slope between the red and green bands compared to bare soil and dry vegetation. Using ENVI software, the distribution shells of biological shells with lichen dominance were prepared in four seasons since 2018 in Segzi plain. Then, the prepared maps were validated based on land points and the total accuracy and kappa index were calculated in all four seasons. The collected lichen samples were identified based on their morphological characteristics and using a stereomicroscope, conventional microscope and common color reagents such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). After applying the BSCI index on the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image, using ENVI software, spectral profiles related to 4 points of Segzi plain in four seasons of the year were prepared and the spectral reflection in four seasons of the year in different points were examined. Results and Discussion: The slope of the soil line is lower in the rainy season, which coincides with the growth of herbaceous and annual plants, compared to the summer season, which has the least amount of rainfall, and the annual plants have dried up and become extinct. In May, the slope of the soil line was minimal (0. 39) and in late summer it has its maximum value (0. 78). In fact, the slope of the soil line has decreased from mid-August to May, and then has increased with the loss of annual vegetation and the increase of bare soil surface. The distribution maps of bio-shells in all four seasons of the year were validated during field visits and the year it was found that the highest accuracy of the map related to the map produced from Landsat 8 image is related to summer with 94% total accuracy and Kappa index equal to 0. 7412. Interpretation of the spectral profiles of the BSCI index shows that the reflections of the spectra related to the zephyr and strain prepared on the lichen dispersion points are very close to each other and also the spectral profiles of the mid-autumn and early spring are quite consistent. Whereas in the faults, which did not cover the biological crust, the amount of reflection was higher and there was a slight difference between the reflection diagrams of autumn and spring. Although the reflectance values of a range of agricultural lands and the distribution points of biological crusts are very close to each other, the spectral diagrams of all four seasons are very different from each other. But in all seasons of the year and in all places, the least reflection has occurred in the beginning of winter and the most reflection has occurred in summer. The climate of Segzi plain is Mediterranean and precipitation occurs in the cold season of the year. Simultaneously with the increase of precipitation from the middle of autumn, annual plants and mosses at the base of shrubs begin to grow and reach their peak in early winter and again at the beginning of spring. Decreases in rainfall have reduced their density. If the winter spectrum has the least reflection in all places. While in late summer, when the annuals and mosses have dried up, it has had the greatest spectral reflection. In Fasaran, which is a barren area and a landfill, it has shown its maximum reflection. Therefore, the BSCI index relative to the percentage of organic matter has a significant error in the detection of biological soil crust and where the organic matter is high may not provide accurate diagnosis of soil bioshells. Of course, since the BSCI index is defined for the detection of throat compounds in lichen tissues. The error rate for organic matter is reduced to a minimum. As it has been observed in the final map, there is no cover of biological soil crusts in Fasaran and only soil biological crusts are observed in the areas around Fasaran in the agricultural areas. In agricultural areas, due to human intervention and cultivation, the amount of annual plants is different from the field of natural resources in different seasons of a year have become. Conclusion: Spectral similarity of the most important soil surface, including vegetation, the involvement of human factors in increasing or decreasing soil organic matter, bare soil, etc. limits the efficiency of the BSCI index and therefore in the time period of satellite images and regional conditions have a great impact on It has the accuracy of BSCI index.

Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstand both dynamic and static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the effects of earthquakes on underground structures and the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different patterns of tunnel’s excavation were investigated and by using Plaxis 2D software and based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel such as cohesion, friction angle, unit weight and modulus of elasticity was carried out, and the parameters whose changes have the greatest and least effects on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation patterns significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of elasticity of the soil surrounding tunnel has the most effect and cohesion changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..

Purpose Improving physio-chemical properties under irrigation regime by using natural conditioners to achieve the highest possible crop yield and water productivity. Method A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three replicates by addition of canal clay scouring (CS) and compost (CO) during two consecutive growing winter seasons of 2018/19 and 2019/20. The treatments were: control (100% and75% of water requirements), 20 and 40 (ton. ha-1) of CO and 40 and 80 (ton. ha-1) of CS as alone or mixed with each other under drip irrigation. Results The results showed that soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity increased by increasing the application rates of CO and CS. The lowest values of bulk and hydraulic conductivity were observed at 80 ton. ha-1 CS +40 ton. ha-1 CO. Also, field capacity, wilting point and available water were 20. 94, 5. 97 and5. 07%, respectively. The lowest values of ETa were observed at 80 ton. ha-1 CS +40 ton. ha-1 CO under 75% water irrigation requirement in all growth stages. The highest rates of the studied materials as a mixture gave a significant increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of grains and straw of wheat crop. The highest yield of straw and grain were 9523. 81 and 6428. 57 kg ha-1, respectively. Also, it could be observed that the highest percentage of CWP and IWP were 21. 05 and 14. 53%, respectively, under 75% irrigation water requirement. Conclusion Application of clay and compost can improve soil physio-chemical properties, water productivity and crop yield under irrigation water regime.

Purpose: Recognizing canal configuration is necessary for a correct endodontic therapy; and having no information about canal configuration causes failure in therapy. Since one of the most effective factors in canal configuration is race' we decided to have a laboratory and clinical research in Isfahan. The aim is to recognize canal configuration of the mandibular first premolar and compare the clinical and laboratory results.Methods & Materials: 1- Laboratory study (Invitro): At first we selected 127 mandibular first premolar' then we disinfected them in CLONA 5.25%. We made a correct access cavity on the teeth. In order to vacate pulp tissue in chamber and canals, we placed them in H2O2 35% for 15 days. Then we placed them in HNO3 5% for 3 days to be decalcified. Then we used 70%, 90%, 100% isopropyl alchole to dehidrate the teeth. After the above processes we injected India ink in -1.8 P, in canals and sealed access cavity by Zonaline cement, we used the teeth in Metyl Salicylate to make clear. Then, we studied canal configuration. 2- Clinical study (Invivo): In this study we selected 125 mandibular first premolar treated in post graduate and under graduate departments of Isfahan University school of Dentistry. Then we studied every radiograph using a negatoscope, and the data were analysed.Results: 1-Laboratory (invitro) results: Out of 112 mandibular first premolar (researchable), 75 type I (67%),5 type II (4.5%), 13 type III (11.6%), 16 type IV (14.2%) and 3 (2.7%) were out of Weine classification. 2-Clinical (invivo) results: Out of 125 mandibular first premolar, 103 type I (82.4%),3 type II (2.24%), 12 type III (9.66%), 5 type IV (4%) and 2 (1.66%) were out of Weine classification.Conclusion: The out coming results of this study are different from other researches. Perhaps the differences are caused by some factors such as race and method. Also the clinical results are too different from laboratory results which could be due to method. The laboratory study is more exact.

Purpose: The antibacterial activity of three endodontic sealers, a Ca (OH)2 based sealer (apexit) a Zoe based sealer (Drofill) and a resin based sealer (AH26) was assessed on the growth of an anaerobic bacteria (peprostreptococcus spp.) using the Agar diffusion test (ADT). Materials and Method: Thirty brain heart diffusion agar plates were incubated with peptostreptococcus anaerobics. Each plate was divided into two separate areas. In one area, 0.1ml droplet of a given fresh sealer and in the other area a dry material of the same sealer were placed, such that each plate had two areas with the same sealer in two forms of fresh and dry (setform). There were ten plates for each of the three sealers. The plates were placed into anaerobic jars and incubated at 37oC. After varying periods, zone of inhibition of bacterial growth were observed, measured and compared by t and Paired T-test.Results: There was no statistically significant differences between the activity of AH26 and drofill in the fresh form(P>0.05). However there were significant differences between (the two sealers in set form) (P<0.05) Drofill was more antibacterials in the set form than AH26. All sealers were more active when fresh than ages.Conclusion: It is likely that the eugenol in the Dorifill and the formaldehyde in the AH26 are responsible for their greater antimicrobial activity.